Arthur Schopenhauer

Artur Shopengauer
Artur Shopengauer
Arthur Schopenhauer
	Artur Shopengauer, 1859
Tuwılǵan sánesi	Lua error: expandTemplate: template "ref-en-us" does not exist.
Tuwılǵan jeri	Gdańsk
Qaytıs bolǵan sánesi	Lua error: expandTemplate: template "ref-en-us" does not exist.
Qaytıs bolǵan jeri	Frankfurt, Germaniya
Anası	Johanna Schopenhauer
Qol úlgisi

Arthur Schopenhauer (/ˈʃoʊpənhaʊər/ Úlgi:Respell;^[1] nemisshe: [ˈaʁtuːɐ̯ ˈʃoːpn̩haʊɐ] ^ⓘ; 1788-jıl 22-fevral — 1860-jıl 21-sentyabr) — nemec filosofı. Ol óziniń 1818-jıldaǵı (1844-jılda keńeytilgen) «Dúnya — erk hám kóz aldına keltiriw retinde» (The World as Will and Representation) miyneti menen tanımalı bolıp, bul shıǵarmada fenomenal dúnya soqır hám irracional numenal erktiń sáwleleniwi retinde sıpatlanadı^[2]^[3]^[4]. Immanuel Kanttıń transsendental idealizmine tiykarlanıp, Schopenhauer sol dáwirdegi nemec idealizmi ideyaların biykarlawshı ateistlik metafizikalıq hám etikalıq sistemanı islep shıqtı^[5]^[6].

Schopenhauer Batıs dástúrinde hind filosofiyasınıń asketizm, ózlikti biykarlaw hám «dúnyanıń kórinis retindegi» túsinigi sıyaqlı áhmiyetli qaǵıydaların maqullaǵan hám bólisken dáslepki filosoflardıń biri boldı^[7]. Onıń miynetleri filosofiyalıq pessimizmniń úlgili kórinisi retinde sıpatlanǵan^[8]. Onıń miynetleri tiri waqtında kóp itibarǵa alınbaǵan bolsa da, onıń óliminen keyin filosofiya, ádebiyat hám ilim sıyaqlı hár túrli tarawlarda úlken tásir kórsetti. Onıń estetika, moral hám psixologiya boyınsha jazbaları kóplegen oyshıllar hám kórkem óner ǵayratkerlerine tásir etti.

Jaslıq jılları

Arthur Schopenhauer 1788-jılı 22-fevralda Dancigde (ol waqıtta Polsha-Litva Doslıq Awqamınıń bir bólegi; házirgi Gdansk, Polsha) Heiliggeistgasse kóshesinde (házirgi Św. Ducha 47) bay nemec patriciy shańaraqlarınıń áwladları bolǵan Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer hám onıń hayalı Johanna Schopenhauerdıń (qız familiyası Trosiener) shańaraǵında tuwılǵan^[9]. Ekewi de protestant ortalıǵınan bolsa da, olar onsha dindar bolmaǵan^[10]^: 79^[11]; olar Francuz revolyuciyasın qollap-quwatlaǵan^[10]^: 13 hám respublikashı, kosmopolit hám anglofil bolǵan^[10]^: 9. 1793-jılı Dancig Prussiyanıń quramına kirgen waqıtta, Heinrich respublikalıq konstituciyasına iye erkin qala — Gamburgqa kóship ótedi. Onıń firması Dancigde sawda-satıqtı dawam ettirdi, sebebi shańaraq aǵzalarınıń kópshiligi sol jerde qalǵan edi. Arthurdıń jalǵız qarındası Adele 1797-jılı 12-iyulda tuwılǵan^{[derek kerek]}.

1797-jılı Arthur ákesiniń isbilermen sherigi Gregoire de Blésimaireniń shańaraǵında jasaw ushın Le Gavrǵa jiberildi. Ol jerde eki jıl jasap, francuz tilin úyrendi hám Jean Anthime Gregoire de Blésimaire menen turmıs quradı^[10]^: 18. 1799-jıldan baslap Arthur fleyta shertiwdi basladı^[10]^: 30.

1803-jılı ol ata-anası menen birge Gollandiya, Britaniya, Franciya, Shveycariya, Avstriya hám Prussiya boylap Evropa sayaxatına shıqtı. Tiykarınan, tamasha sayaxatı retinde qaralsa da, Heinrich bul imkaniyattan shet eldegi ayırım isbilermen sherikleri menen kórisiw ushın paydalandı^{[derek kerek]}.

Heinrich Arthurdıń aldına tańlaw qoydı: ol ya úyde otırıp universitetke tayarlanıwı kerek edi, ya bolmasa sawda boyınsha bilimin arttırıw ushın olar menen birge sayaxatqa shıǵıwı kerek edi. Arthur olar menen sayaxatqa shıǵıwdı tańladı. Keyinirek ol bul tańlawı ushın qattı pushayman boldı, sebebi sawda-satıq boyınsha tálim júda zerigerli edi. Ol sayaxattıń on eki háptesin Wimbledondaǵı mektepte oqıw menen ótkizdi, ol jerde qatań hám intellektual anglikanlardı kórip hayran qaldı hám olardı «ústirtin» dep sıpatladı. Ol óziniń anglofilligine qaramastan, keyingi ómirinde de anglikan dindarlıǵın qattı sınǵa aldı^[10]^: 56. Sonday-aq, onıń oqıw nátiyjelerinen qanaatlanbaǵan ákesiniń basımı astında boldı^{[derek kerek]}.

1805-jılı Heinrich Gamburgtaǵı úyleriniń qasındaǵı kanalda batıp óldi. Onıń ólimi tosınnan júz bergen bolıwı múmkin bolsa da, hayalı hám ulı bul óz-ózine qol jumsaw dep esapladı. Ol táshwishleniwge hám depressiyaǵa túsiwge beyim edi, bul jaǵdaylar onıń keyingi ómirinde anıǵıraq biline basladı^[12]. Heinrich sonshelli biytaqat bolıp ketkeni sonsha, hátte, onıń hayalı da onıń psixikalıq sawlıǵına gúmanlana baslaǵan^[10]^: 43. «Ákesiniń ómirinde qanday da bir qaranǵı hám belgisiz qorqınısh deregi bar edi, bul keyinirek onı Gamburgtaǵı úyiniń balkonınan ózin taslap óltiriwine sebep boldı»^[10]^: 88.

Arthur jaslıǵında usınday turaqsız minez-qulıq kórsetti hám bunı ákesinen miyras bolıp qalǵanın jiyi moyınladı. Qıyınshılıqlarǵa qaramastan, Schopenhauer ákesin jaqsı kórdi hám keyinirek onıń haqqında jaqsı pikirler ayttı^[10]^: 90. Heinrich shańaraqqa úlken miyras qaldırdı, bul Johanna hám balalar arasında úshke bólindi. Arthur erjetkende óz úlesin basqarıw huqıqına iye boldı. Ol bul qarjını mámleketlik obligaciyalarǵa qarjılandırdı hám jıllıq paydası universitet professorınıń aylıǵınan eki eseden artıq boldı^[10]^: 136. Sawdanı taslaǵannan keyin, anasınıń qollap-quwatlawı menen Saksen-Gota-Altenburgdaǵı Ernestine gimnaziyasında oqıwına itibar qarattı. Ol jerde jasap júrgende jergilikli aristokratlar arasında sociallıq ómirden de lázzet alıp, kóp muǵdarda aqsha jumsadı, bul onıń únemshil anasın qattı tásirlendirdi^[10]^: 128. Mektep muǵallimleriniń biri haqqında satiralıq qosıq jazǵannan keyin gimnaziyadan shıǵarıldı. Arthur óz erki menen ketkenin aytsa da, anasınıń xatında onıń shıǵarıp jiberilgen bolıwı múmkinligi kórsetilgen^[10]^: 129.

Arthur qaytıs bolǵan ákesiniń húrmeti ushın eki jıl sawdager retinde isledi. Bul waqıt ishinde ol alım retinde jańa ómir baslay alıwına gúmanlandı^[10]^: 120. Onıń aldınǵı táliminiń kópshiligi ámeliy sawda tarawında edi hám akademik karera ushın zárúr bolǵan latın tilin úyreniwde qıynaldı^[10]^: 117.

Anası, qızı Adele menen birge jazıwshılar hám kórkem óner iyeleri arasındaǵı sociallıq ómirden lázzet alıw ushın sol dáwirdegi Nemec ádebiyatınıń orayı bolǵan Veymarǵa kóship ketti. Arthur hám anasınıń múnásibetleri jaqsı bolmadı. Xatlarınıń birinde anası mınanday dep jazǵan: «Sen menen jasaw júda qıyın hám awır; barlıq jaqsı pazıyletlerińdi óz-ózińe degen joqarı baha kóleńkede qaldıradı hám basqalardan kemshilik tabıwǵa bolǵan beyimligińdi toqtata almaǵanıń ushın bular dúnyaǵa paydasız bolıp qaladı»^[13]. Anası Johanna, ádette, shadlı hám aq kókirek hayal retinde sıpatlanadı^[10]^: 9. Ol 24 jıldan keyin qaytıs boldı. Arthurdıń hayallar haqqındaǵı ayırım unamsız pikirleriniń negizi anası menen bolǵan qıyın múnásibetlerine barıp taqalǵan bolıwı múmkin^[14].

Derekler

↑ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd-baspası), ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publisher= ignored (járdem)
↑ Arthur Schopenhauer. Essays and Aphorisms. Penguin Classics, 2004 — 23 bet. ISBN 978-0-14-044227-4.
↑ Magee, Bryan „The World as Will“,. The Philosophy of Schopenhauer, 1 (en), Oxford University PressOxford, 1997-08-14 — 137–163 bet. DOI:10.1093/0198237227.003.0007. ISBN 978-0-19-823722-8.
↑ Vandenabeele, Bart (December 2007). "Schopenhauer on the Values of Aesthetic Experience" (in en). The Southern Journal of Philosophy 45 (4): 565–582. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
↑ The World as Will and Representation, vol. 3, Ch. 50.
↑ Schopenhauer, Philosophy and the Arts Dale Jacquette: . Cambridge University Press, 2007 — 162 bet. ISBN 978-0-521-04406-6. „For Kant, the mathematical sublime, as seen for example in the starry heavens, suggests to imagination the infinite, which in turn leads by subtle turns of contemplation to the concept of God. Schopenhauer's atheism will have none of this, and he rightly observes that despite adopting Kant's distinction between the dynamical and mathematical sublime, his theory of the sublime, making reference to the struggles and sufferings of struggles and sufferings of Will, is unlike Kant's.“
↑ See the book-length study about oriental influences on the genesis of Schopenhauer's philosophy by Urs App: Schopenhauer's Compass. An Introduction to Schopenhauer's Philosophy and its Origins. Wil: UniversityMedia, 2014 (ISBN 978-3-906000-03-9) Hergenhahn, B. R.. An Introduction to the History of Psychology, 6th, Cengage Learning, 2009 — 216 bet. ISBN 978-0-495-50621-8. „Although Schopenhauer was an atheist, he realized that his philosophy of denial had been part of several great religions; for example, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism.“
↑ Arthur Schopenhauer. Essays and Aphorisms. Penguin Classics, 2004 — 22–36 bet. ISBN 978-0-14-044227-4. „...but there has been none who tried with so great a show of learning to demonstrate that the pessimistic outlook is justified, that life itself is really bad. It is to this end that Schopenhauer's metaphysic of will and idea exists.“ Studies in Pessimism 15 Aprel 2008^{[Sáne tuwrı kelmeydi]} sánesinde Wayback Machine saytında arxivlendi. – audiobook from LibriVox. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, Volume 2. Springer, 2009 — 824 bet. ISBN 978-0-387-71801-9. „A more accurate statement might be that for a German—rather than a French or British writer of that time—Schopenhauer was an honest and open atheist.“
↑ Schopenhauer, Arthur; Günter Zöller; Eric F. J. Payne. Chronology, Prize Essay on the Freedom of the Will. Cambridge University Press, 1999 — xxx bet. ISBN 978-0-521-57766-3.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Silteme kórsetiwdegi qátelik: Жарамсыз <ref> тегі; no text was provided for refs named Cartwright-2010
↑ Bullock, A.B.. The Supreme Human Tragedy: And Other Essays. C.W. Daniel, 1920 — 53 bet.
↑ Safranski (1990), p. 12
↑ Wallace, W.. Life of Arthur Schopenhauer. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2003 — 59 bet. ISBN 978-1-4102-0641-1.
↑ Durant, Will, The Story of Philosophy, Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., New York, p. 350

Ádebiyatlar

Albright, Daniel (2004) Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-01267-4
Beiser, Frederick C., Weltschmerz: Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
Cartwright, David E.. Schopenhauer: A Biography. Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-82598-6.
Clarke, John James. Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 978-0-415-13376-0.
Hannan, Barbara, The Riddle of the World: A Reconsideration of Schopenhauer's Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Magee, Bryan, Confessions of a Philosopher, Random House, 1997, ISBN 978-0-375-50028-2. Chapters 20, 21.
Safranski, Rüdiger (1990) Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy. Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-79275-3; orig. German Schopenhauer und Die wilden Jahre der Philosophie, Carl Hanser Verlag (1987)
Thomas Mann editor, The Living Thoughts of Schopenhauer, Longmans Green & Co., 1939

Qosımsha oqıw ushın

Biografiya

Copleston, Frederick, Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher of pessimism (Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1946)
Damm, O. F., Arthur Schopenhauer – eine Biographie (Reclam, 1912)
Fischer, Kuno, Arthur Schopenhauer (Heidelberg: Winter, 1893); revised as Schopenhauers Leben, Werke und Lehre (Heidelberg: Winter, 1898).
Grisebach, Eduard, Schopenhauer – Geschichte seines Lebens (Berlin: Hofmann, 1876).
Hamlyn, D. W., Schopenhauer, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul (1980, 1985)
Hasse, Heinrich, Schopenhauer. (Reinhardt, 1926)
Hübscher, Arthur, Arthur Schopenhauer – Ein Lebensbild (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1938).
Mann, Thomas, Schopenhauer (Bermann-Fischer, 1938)
Matthews, Jack, Schopenhauer's Will: Das Testament, Nine Point Publishing, 2015. ISBN 978-0-9858278-8-5. A recent creative biography by philosophical novelist Jack Matthews.
Safranski, Rüdiger, Schopenhauer und die wilden Jahre der Philosophie – Eine Biographie, hard cover Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1987, ISBN 978-3-446-14490-3, pocket edition Fischer: ISBN 978-3-596-14299-6.
Safranski, Rüdiger, Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy, trans. Ewald Osers (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989)
Schneider, Walther, Schopenhauer – Eine Biographie (Vienna: Bermann-Fischer, 1937).
Wallace, William, Life of Arthur Schopenhauer (London: Scott, 1890; repr., St. Clair Shores, Mich.: Scholarly Press, 1970)
Bather Woods, David. Arthur Schopenhauer: The Life and Thought of Philosophy's Greatest Pessimist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2025. ISBN 9780226829760.
Zimmern, Helen, Arthur Schopenhauer: His Life and His Philosophy (London: Longmans, Green & Co, 1876)

Basqa kitaplar

App, Urs. Arthur Schopenhauer and China. Sino-Platonic Papers Nr. 200 (April 2010) (PDF, 8.7 Mb PDF, 164 p.). Contains extensive appendixes with transcriptions and English translations of Schopenhauer's early notes about Buddhism and Indian philosophy.
App, Urs, Schopenhauers Kompass. Die Geburt einer Philosophie. UniversityMedia, Rorschach/ Kyoto 2011. ISBN 978-3-906000-02-2
Atwell, John. Schopenhauer on the Character of the World, The Metaphysics of Will.
Atwell, John, Schopenhauer, The Human Character.
Edwards, Anthony. An Evolutionary Epistemological Critique of Schopenhauer's Metaphysics. 123 Books, 2011.
Copleston, Frederick, Schopenhauer: Philosopher of Pessimism, 1946 (reprinted London: Search Press, 1975).
Gardiner, Patrick, 1963. Schopenhauer. Penguin Books.
Janaway, Christopher, 2002. Schopenhauer: A Very Short introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192802590
Janaway, Christopher, 2003. Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-825003-6
Magee, Bryan, The Philosophy of Schopenhauer, Oxford University Press (1988, revised and enlarged 1997). ISBN 978-0-19-823722-8
Marcin, Raymond B. In Search of Schopenhauer's Cat: Arthur Schopenhauer's Quantum-Mystical Theory of Justice. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0813214306
Norberg, Jakob, Schopenhauer's Politics
Mannion, Gerard, "Schopenhauer, Religion and Morality – The Humble Path to Ethics", Ashgate Press, New Critical Thinking in Philosophy Series, 2003, 314pp.
Whittaker, Thomas, Schopenhauer
Zimmern, Helen, Arthur Schopenhauer, his Life and Philosophy, London, Longman, and Co., 1876.
Kastrup, Bernardo. Decoding Schopenhauer's Metaphysics – The key to understanding how it solves the hard problem of consciousness and the paradoxes of quantum mechanics. Winchester/Washington, iff Books, 2020.
de Botton, Alain: The Consolations of Philosophy. Hamish Hamilton, London 2000. ISBN 0-14-027661-0 (Chapter: Consolation for a Broken Heart).

Maqalalar

Abelson, Peter (1993). "Schopenhauer and Buddhism". Philosophy East and West 43 (2): 255–78. doi:10.2307/1399616. http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/peter2.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
Jiménez, Camilo, 2006, "Tagebuch eines Ehrgeizigen: Arthur Schopenhauers Studienjahre in Berlin," Avinus Magazin (in German).
Luchte, James, 2009, "The Body of Sublime Knowledge: The Aesthetic Phenomenology of Arthur Schopenhauer," Heythrop Journal, Volume 50, Number 2, pp. 228–242.
Mazard, Eisel, 2005, "Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas. 29 Oktyabr 2008^{[Sáne tuwrı kelmeydi]} sánesinde Wayback Machine saytında arxivlendi." On Schopenhauer's (debated) place in the history of European philosophy and his relation to his predecessors.
Sangharakshita, 2004, "Schopenhauer and aesthetic appreciation."
Young, Christopher; Brook, Andrew (1994). "Schopenhauer and Freud". International Journal of Psychoanalysis 75: 101–18. PMID 8005756. https://carleton.ca/~abrook/SCHOPENY.htm.
Oxenford's "Iconoclasm in German Philosophy," (See p. 388)
Thacker, Eugene, 2020. "A Philosophy in Ruins, An Unquiet Void." Introduction to Arthur Schopenhauer, On the Suffering of the World. Repeater Books. ISBN 978-1-913462-03-1.

Sırtqı siltemeler

Zalta, Edward N., ed (Spring 2019). "Arthur Schopenhauer". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University: Center for the Study of Language and Information. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/schopenhauer/.

[1] Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd-baspası), ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publisher= ignored (járdem)

[2] Arthur Schopenhauer. Essays and Aphorisms. Penguin Classics, 2004 — 23 bet. ISBN 978-0-14-044227-4.

[3] Magee, Bryan „The World as Will“,. The Philosophy of Schopenhauer, 1 (en), Oxford University PressOxford, 1997-08-14 — 137–163 bet. DOI:10.1093/0198237227.003.0007. ISBN 978-0-19-823722-8.

[4] Vandenabeele, Bart (December 2007). "Schopenhauer on the Values of Aesthetic Experience" (in en). The Southern Journal of Philosophy 45 (4): 565–582. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x. Retrieved 13 September 2023.

[WWR3-5] The World as Will and Representation, vol. 3, Ch. 50.

[Jacquette-6] Schopenhauer, Philosophy and the Arts Dale Jacquette: . Cambridge University Press, 2007 — 162 bet. ISBN 978-0-521-04406-6. „For Kant, the mathematical sublime, as seen for example in the starry heavens, suggests to imagination the infinite, which in turn leads by subtle turns of contemplation to the concept of God. Schopenhauer's atheism will have none of this, and he rightly observes that despite adopting Kant's distinction between the dynamical and mathematical sublime, his theory of the sublime, making reference to the struggles and sufferings of struggles and sufferings of Will, is unlike Kant's.“

[7] See the book-length study about oriental influences on the genesis of Schopenhauer's philosophy by Urs App: Schopenhauer's Compass. An Introduction to Schopenhauer's Philosophy and its Origins. Wil: UniversityMedia, 2014 (ISBN 978-3-906000-03-9) Hergenhahn, B. R.. An Introduction to the History of Psychology, 6th, Cengage Learning, 2009 — 216 bet. ISBN 978-0-495-50621-8. „Although Schopenhauer was an atheist, he realized that his philosophy of denial had been part of several great religions; for example, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism.“

[8] Arthur Schopenhauer. Essays and Aphorisms. Penguin Classics, 2004 — 22–36 bet. ISBN 978-0-14-044227-4. „...but there has been none who tried with so great a show of learning to demonstrate that the pessimistic outlook is justified, that life itself is really bad. It is to this end that Schopenhauer's metaphysic of will and idea exists.“ Studies in Pessimism 15 Aprel 2008^{[Sáne tuwrı kelmeydi]} sánesinde Wayback Machine saytında arxivlendi. – audiobook from LibriVox. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, Volume 2. Springer, 2009 — 824 bet. ISBN 978-0-387-71801-9. „A more accurate statement might be that for a German—rather than a French or British writer of that time—Schopenhauer was an honest and open atheist.“

[Google_Books-9] Schopenhauer, Arthur; Günter Zöller; Eric F. J. Payne. Chronology, Prize Essay on the Freedom of the Will. Cambridge University Press, 1999 — xxx bet. ISBN 978-0-521-57766-3.

[Cartwright-2010-10] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Silteme kórsetiwdegi qátelik: Жарамсыз <ref> тегі; no text was provided for refs named Cartwright-2010

[Bullock_1920_p._53-11] Bullock, A.B.. The Supreme Human Tragedy: And Other Essays. C.W. Daniel, 1920 — 53 bet.

[12] Safranski (1990), p. 12

[13] Wallace, W.. Life of Arthur Schopenhauer. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2003 — 59 bet. ISBN 978-1-4102-0641-1.

[14] Durant, Will, The Story of Philosophy, Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., New York, p. 350

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