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Deli

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Delhi rásmiy túrde Milliy paytaxt aymaǵı (NCT) bolıp, Hindstan paytaxtı Nyu-Deli qalasın óz ishine alǵan Hindstannıń megapolisi hám birlesken aymaǵı esaplanadı. Jamna dáryası boylap, tiykarınan batısqa yamasa oń jaģasına qaray jaylasqan Deli shıǵısta Uttar-Pradesh shtatı, qalgan táreplerde Xaryana shtatı menen shegaralas. Deli 1956-jılı 1-noyabrde awqam aymaǵına, 1995-jılı bolsa NACT aymaǵına aylandı[1]. NCT 1,484 km (573 mi²) maydandı iyeleydi. 2011-jıldaǵı statistikalıq maǵlıwmatlarǵa qaraǵanda, Deli qalasınıń xalqı 11 millionnan artıq[2][3], NCT xalqı bolsa 16,8 million átirapında bolǵan[4].

Jamna dáryası boyındaǵı orta ásirlerdegi Purana Qila qorǵanınıń topografiyası sanskrit tilindegi Mahabharata dástanındaǵı Indraprastha qalasınıń ádebiy súwretleniwine sáykes keledi; biraq, bul aymaqtaǵı qazıw jumısları áyyemgi qurılǵan ortalıqtıń belgilerin kórsetpegen[5]. XIII ásir basınan XIX ásir ortalarına shekem Deli eki iri imperiya — Qubla Aziyanıń úlken bólegin qamtıp alǵan Deli sultanlıǵı hám Baburiyler imperiyasınıń paytaxtı bolǵan. Qaladaǵı YUNESKOnıń Pútkil jer júzilik miyrası obektleriniń úshewi de - Qutıb minar, Humayun maqbarası hám Qızıl qala usı dáwirge tiyisli. Deli sufiylik hám qawwali muzikasınıń dáslepki orayı bolǵan. Nizamuddin Avliyo, Amir Xusrav atları onıń atı menen baylanıslı. Deli Xariboli dialekti urdu hám keyinirek zamanagóy standart hind ádebiyatın payda etken lingvistikalıq rawajlanıwdıń bir bólegi edi. Deliden shıqqan iri urdu shayırlarına Mir Taqi Mir hám Mirza Ǵolib kiredi. Deli 1857-jılı Hindstan kóterilisinin belgili orayı bolǵan. 1911-jılı Angliyanıń Hindstan imperiyası paytaxtı Nyu-Deli qalası boldı. 1947-jılı Hindstannıń bóliniwi waqtında Deli Baburiyler qalasınan Panjob qalasına aylandırıldı[6][7][8]. 1947-jılı ǵárezsizlikke eriskennen keyin Nyu-Deli Hindstan Dominionınıń, 1950-jıldan keyin Hindstan Respublikasınıń paytaxtı sıpatında dawam etti.

Milliy paytaxt aymaǵı (NCR) dep atalatuǵın aymaqta jaylasqan Ǵoziobod, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Greater Noida hám YEIDA qalaların óz ishine alǵan Deli qala aglomeraciyasında 28 millionnan aslam xalıq jasaydı. Bul onı Hindstandaǵı eń iri metropoliten aymaǵı hám dúnyada (Tokiodan keyin) ekinshi orınǵa aylandıradı[9]. Deli insan rawajlanıwı indeksi boyınsha Hindstan shtatları hám awqam aymaqları arasında besinshi orındı[10], Hindstanda xalıqtıń jan basına jalpı ishki ónim kórsetkishi boyınsha ekinshi orındı ieleydi (Goadan keyin). Awqam aymaǵı bolıwına qaramastan, búgingi kúnde Deli NCTnıń siyasiy basqarıwı óziniń nızam shıǵarıwshı uyımı, joqarı sudı hám bas ministr basshılıǵındaǵı atqarıwshı ministrler keńesi bar Hindstan shtatına kóbirek uqsaydı. Nyu-Deli Hindstan federal húkimeti hám Deli jergilikli hákimiyatı tárepinen birgelikte basqarıladı. Mámleket paytaxtı Deli NCT sıpatında xızmet etedi. Sonday-aq, 1985-jılı shólkemlestirilgen "mámleketleraralıq aymaqlıq rejelestiriw" aymaǵı bolǵan Milliy paytaxt aymaǵınıń orayı esaplanadı[11][12]. Deli 1951-jılǵı dáslepki Aziya oyınları, 1982-jıldaǵı Aziya oyınları, 1983-jılǵı Qosılmaw háreketi sammiti, 2010-jılǵı Xokkey boyınsha erler jáhán kubogi, 2010-jılǵı Doslıq Awqamı oyınları, 2012-jılǵı BRIKS sammiti, 2023-jılǵı G20 sammitine basshılıq etken hám kriket boyınsha 2011 hám 2023-jılǵı jáhán chempionatlarınıń iri qalalarınan biri bolǵan.

Toponomiyası

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Deli atamasınıń kelip shıǵıwı menen baylanıslı bir qatar ápsanalar bar. Olardan biri biziń eramızǵa shekemgi 50-jılları usı jerde qala qurǵan hám oǵan óziniń atın qoyǵan patsha Dhillu yamasa Dilu atınan alınǵan[13][14][15]. Jáne bir ańızǵa bola, qalanıń atı Prakrit tilindegi dhili (bos) sózine tiykarlanǵan hám ol tomarlar tárepinen qalanı ataw ushın paydalanılǵan. Sebebi, Deliniń temir baǵanası ázzi tiykarǵa iye bolıp, onı kóshiriwge tuwra kelgen[16]. Panjab esletpeleri hám sorawlarına muwapıq, patsha Prithviraj dáwirindegi qalanıń atı dilpat bolǵan hám bul dilpat hám dilli, itimal, "kóteriliw" degen mánisti ańlatatuǵın eski hind sózi dilden alınǵan. Hindstan Arxeologiyalıq basqarmasınıń burınǵı direktorı Aleksandr Kanningem dilliler keyin ala dihli/dehli bolıp ketkenligin aytıp ótken[17]. Ayırımlar aymaqta aylanısta bolǵan teńgelerdi dehliwal dep ataǵan[18]. Bhavishya Purana pármanına muwapıq, Indraprastha patshası Pritiviraja óz patshalıǵındaǵı tórt kastaǵa qolaylı bolıwı ushın házirgi Purana Qila aymaǵında jańa qorǵan qurǵan. Ol qorǵanǵa dárwaza qurıwdı buyırǵan hám keyin ala qorǵanǵa dehali atın bergen[19]. Ayırım táriyxshılar Dhilli yamasa Dhillika qalanıń dáslepki atı, basqaları bolsa hindustani tilindegi dehleez yamasa dehali sózleriniń buzılıwı hám qalanıń Gang tegisligine kiriw dárwazası sıpatındaǵı belgisi bolıwı múmkin, dep esaplaydı[20][21].

Geografiyası

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2016-jıldıń aprel ayında Deli qalasınıń hawa kórinisi, joqarı ońda Jamna dáryası.

Deli Arqa Hindstanda 28°37′N 77°14′E / 28.61°N 77.23°E da jaylasqan. Qala arqa, batıs hám qubla tárepinen Xaryana shtatı, shıǵıstan Uttar-Pradesh shtatı menen shegaralasqan. Deli geografiyasınıń eki ajıralıp turatuǵın ózgesheligi — Jamna tasqınlı tegislikleri hám Deli taw dizbegi. Jamna dáryası táriyxıy Panjab hám ÚP aralıǵındaǵı shegara bolıp, onıń qayırları awıl xojalıǵı ushın qolaylı. Biraq, qayta-qayta suw tasqınlarına meyil bolǵan ónimdarlı allyuvial topıraq penen támiyinlengen. Hinduiylik dinindegi muqaddes dárya - Jamna - Deli arqalı agatuǵın birden-bir iri dárya. Gaziabadtı Deli qalasınıń shıǵıs bóliminen Hindon dáryası ajıratıp turadi. Deli taw dizbegi qublada Aravalli taw dizbeginen baslanıp, qalanıń batıs, arqa-shıǵıs hám arqa-batıs bólimlerin qorshap turadı. Onıń biyikligi 318 m (1,043 ft) ge jetedi hám aymaqtıń ústin belgisi esaplanadı[22].

Yamuna dáryası tárepinen payda bolǵan batpaqlı jerlerden tısqarı, Deli 500 den aslam háwizlerdi saqlawda dawam etpekte (batpaqlı jerler < 5 ga (540 000 kvadrat fut)), bul óz gezeginde bir qansha qus túrlerin qollap-quwatlaydı[23]. Deli háwizleri, shıǵındılardı taslaw hám betonlastırıw sebepli ekologiyalıq jaǵdaydıń jamanlasıwına qaramastan, dúnyanıń qálegen jerinde háwizlerden paydalanıp atırǵan quslardıń eń kóp sanın qollap-quwatlaydı[24]. Deli qalasındaǵı ámeldegi siyasat batpaqlı jerlerdiń aylanıwına tosqınlıq etedi hám qala háwizleriniń quslar ushın bahasız baspanaǵa aylanıwına alıp keldi.

Milliy paytaxt aymaǵı Deli 1,483 km² maydandı iyeleydi, sonnan 783 km² (302 mi² ) awıllıq hám 700 km² (270 mi² ) qalalıq dep belgilengen. Sonlıqtan, ol mámlekettegi maydanı boyınsha en úlken qala bolıp esaplanadı. Onıń uzınlıǵı 51,9 km hám keńligi 48,48 km. Deli Hindstannıń IV seysmikalıq zonasına kirgizilgen bolıp, onıń iri jer silkiniwlerge shıdamlı emesligin kórsetedi[25].

Hawa-rayı

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Deli qurǵaq qısqı ıǵallı subtropikalıq klimat (Kóppen Cwa), ıssı yarım qurǵaq klimat (Kóppen BSh) penen tıǵız baylanısqan. Jıllı máwsim 21-marttan 15-iyunǵa shekem dawam etip, ortasha sutkalıq joqarı temperatura 39°C dan joqarı boladı. Jıldıń eń ıssı kúni ádette may ayınıń aqırında bolıp, ortasha joqarı temperaturası 42 °C (81 °F[26]) hám tómen temperaturası 27 °C (81 °F) boladı. Jıldıń eń suwiq kúni ádette yanvarda bolip, ortasha tómen temperaturası 6,9 °C (44,4 °F) hám joqarı temperaturası 19,3 °C (66,7 °F) boladı[27]. Mart ayınıń baslarında samaldıń baǵıtı arqa-batıstan qubla-batısqa ózgeredi. Aprelden oktyabrge shekem hawa-rayı ıssı boladı. Musson iyun ayınıń aqırında, ıǵallıqtıń artıwı menen keledi[28]. Qısqa, jumsaq qıstıń baslanıwı noyabr ayınıń aqırına tuwrı keledi, qıstıń eń joqarı dárejesi yanvar ayına tuwrı keledi hám kóbinese kúshli duman payda boladı[29].

Derekler

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  1. ↑ Springer Nature Limited, red. (2022), The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World, London, 589-bet, ISBN 978-1-349-96055-2, „Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.“ {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publisher= ignored (járdem)
  2. ↑ «Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi». Census of India (2011). 2022-jıl 19-yanvar sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2022-jıl 12-fevral.
  3. ↑ «This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead» (2018-jıl 2-oktyabr). 2018-jıl 21-dekabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2018-jıl 21-dekabr.
  4. ↑ «Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts». City Population. 2017-jıl 2-mart sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2017-jıl 28-fevral.
  5. ↑ Kumar, Sunil (2013), „Delhi“, in Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (red.), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, 127-bet, ISBN 9780691134840, „(page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500–1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.“ {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publisher= ignored (járdem)
  6. ↑
    • Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), The Partition of India, 118–119-bet, ISBN 978-0-521-85661-4, 2 December 2021da túp nusqadan arxivlendi, qaraldı: 3 December 2021, „It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually.“ {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publisher= ignored (járdem)
    • Sen, Uditi „Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta“,. Calcutta: The Stormy Decades. Routledge, 2017 — 407 bet. ISBN 9781351581721. „Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.“ 
    • Virdee, Pippa (2023), „Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies“, in Jacobsen, Knut A. (red.), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India, doi:10.4324/9781003278436-3, ISBN 9781000984231, „The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.“ {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publisher= ignored (járdem)
    • Guha, Ramchandra (2011), India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, ISBN 9780330540209, „Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.“ {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publisher= ignored (járdem)
  7. ↑ A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra:
    • Gautam, Khushboo; Devnani, Chanchal; Dasgupta, Shruti; Reddy, Madhusudan (2025). "Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis". BMC Genomics 26 (889). doi:10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8. PMC 12505593. PMID 41057809. "A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.".
    • Kumar, Priya; Kumar, Rita (2016). "Sindh, 1947 and Beyond". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies (Routledge) 39 (4): 773–789. doi:10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752. "Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.".
    • Kumar, Lomous; Nongmaithem, Suraj; Kumar, Sachin; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2025). "Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India". Human Genomics 19 (111). doi:10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w. PMC 12487577. PMID 41029758. "(Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.".
    • Ansari, Sarah; Gould, William. Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan. Cambridge University Press, 2019 — 71 bet. DOI:10.1017/9781108164511.004. „Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.“ 
  8. ↑
    • Talbot, Ian (2020), The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan, ISBN 9781000326703, „Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000–5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.“ {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publisher= ignored (járdem)
    • Kumar, Sunil (2013), „Delhi“, in Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (red.), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, 127-bet, ISBN 9780691134840, „... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.“ {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publisher= ignored (járdem)
    • Geva, Rotem (2024). "Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi". Contemporary South Asia (Routledge) 32 (2): 137–150. doi:10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175. "This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.".
  9. ↑ «The World's Cities in 2018». United Nations. 2021-jıl 31-avgust sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2021-jıl 2-sentyabr.
  10. ↑ «Sub-national HDI – Area Database» (en). Global Data Lab. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. 2018-jıl 23-sentyabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2018-jıl 25-sentyabr.
  11. ↑ «Rationale». ncrpb.nic.in. NCR Planning Board. — „The National Capital Region (NCR) in India was constituted under the NCRPB Act, 1985“. 2012-jıl 16-dekabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2017-jıl 5-mart.
  12. ↑ «Census 2011». National Capital Region Planning Board. National Informatics Centre. 2016-jıl 6-aprel sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2016-jıl 26-mart.
  13. ↑ «Chapter 1: Introduction». Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006 1–7. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. 2016-jıl 13-noyabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2011-jıl 21-dekabr.
  14. ↑ Bakshi, S.R.. Delhi Through Ages. Whispering Eye Bangdat, 1995 — 2 bet. ISBN 978-81-7488-138-0. 
  15. ↑ Smith, George. The Geography of British India, Political & Physical. J. Murray, 1882 — 216–217 bet. „raja delhi BC.“ 
  16. ↑ Smith, George. The Geography of British India, Political & Physical. J. Murray, 1882 — 216–217 bet. „raja delhi BC.“ 
  17. ↑ «Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive». 2020-jıl 1-iyul sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2020-jıl 30-iyul.
  18. ↑ «Our Pasts II, History Textbook for Class VII». NCERT. 2007-jıl 23-iyun sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2007-jıl 6-iyul.
  19. ↑ Delhi City 3 Mart 2016[Sáne tuwrı kelmeydi] sánesinde Wayback Machine saytında arxivlendi. The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 11, p. 236.
  20. ↑ Cohen, Richard J. (October–December 1989). "An Early Attestation of the Toponym Dhilli". Journal of the American Oriental Society 109 (4): 513–519. doi:10.2307/604073.
  21. ↑ Austin, Ian; Thhakur Nahar Singh Jasol. "Chauhans (Cahamanas, Cauhans)". The Mewar Encyclopedia. mewarindia.com. https://www.mewarindia.com/ency/chat.html.<!--->
  22. ↑ Mohan. «GIS-Based Spatial Information Integration, Modeling and Digital Mapping: A New Blend of Tool for Geospatial Environmental Health Analysis for Delhi Ridge». Spatial Information for Health Monitoring and Population Management. FIG XXII International Congress (aprel 2002). 2015-jıl 22-dekabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2007-jıl 3-fevral.
  23. ↑ Rawal, Prakhar; Kittur, Swati; Chatakonda, Murali Krishna; Sundar, K S Gopi (22 January 2021). "Winter bird abundance, species richness and functional guild composition at Delhi's ponds: does time of day and wetland extent matter?". Journal of Urban Ecology 7 (1). doi:10.1093/jue/juab001.
  24. ↑ Rawal, Prakhar; Kittur, Swati; Chatakonda, Murali Krishna; Sundar, K.S. Gopi (August 2021). "Capital ponds: Site-level habitat heterogeneity and management interventions at ponds regulate high landscape-scale bird diversity across a mega-city". Biological Conservation 260. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109215.
  25. ↑ «Hazard profiles of Indian districts». National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management. UNDP. 2006-jıl 19-may sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2006-jıl 23-avgust.
  26. ↑ «Average weather for New Delhi, India». Weatherspark.com. 2013-jıl 16-avgust sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2013-jıl 2-iyul.
  27. ↑ «Average weather for New Delhi, India». Weatherspark.com. 2013-jıl 16-avgust sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2013-jıl 2-iyul.
  28. ↑ "Fog continues to disrupt flights, trains". The Hindu (Chennai). 7 January 2005. https://www.hindu.com/2005/01/07/stories/2005010719480300.htm.
  29. ↑ Agarwal, Priyangi (20 August 2023). "4 months left, Delhi crosses annual rain quota". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/4-mths-left-city-crosses-annual-rain-quota/articleshow/102865895.cms.

Qosımsha oqıw ushın

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