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Eyforiya

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Eyforiya — bul lázzet yamasa tolqınlanıw (yaki tásir etiw) hám aman-esenlik penen baxıt sezimlerin seziniw[1][2]. Aerobikalıq shınıǵıwlar, kúlki, muzıka tıńlaw yamasa atqarıw hám ayaq oyın oynaw sıyaqlı ayırım tábiyiy sıylıqlar hám sociallıq is-háreketler eyforiya jaǵdayın payda etiwi múmkin[3][4]. Eyforiya sonday-aq maniya sıyaqlı belgili bir nevrologiyalıq yamasa neyropsixiatriyalıq buzılıwlardıń simptomı bolıp tabıladı. Romantikalıq muhabbat hám adamnıń seksual reakciya cikli komponentleri de eyforiyanıń payda bolıwı menen baylanıslı[5][6].

Gedonikalıq ıssı noqatlar — yaǵnıy miydiń lázzet orayları – funkcionallıq jaqtan baylanısqan. Bir ıssı noqattıń aktivlesiwi basqalarınıń tartılıwına alıp keledi. Bir ıssı noqattıń tormozlanıwı basqa ıssı noqattı aktivlestiriw tásirleriniń tómenlewine alıp keledi. Sonlıqtan, sıylıq sisteması ishindegi hárbir gedonikalıq ıssı noqattıń bir waqıtta aktivlesiwi intensiv eyforiya sezimin payda etiw ushın zárúr dep esaplanadı.

Tariyxı

«Eyforiya» sózi áyyemgi grek tilindegi εὐφορία: εὖ eu — «jaqsı» hám φέρω pherō «shıdaw» degen mánisti bildiredi[7][8]. Ol semantikalıq jaqtan disforiyaǵa qarama-qarsı.

1706-jılǵı inglis tili sózliginde eyforiyanı «dáriniń tásirin jaqsı kóteriw, yaǵnıy nawqas ózin jeńil yamasa jaqsılanǵan dep seziniwi» retinde sáwlelengen[9].

1860-jılları inglis shıpakeri Tomas Leykok eyforiyanı dene sawlıǵınıń jaqsı bolıwı hám úmit sezimi retinde súwretlegen; ol ayırım ólimge alıp keletuǵın keselliklerdiń sońǵı basqıshında onıń orınsız kóriniwin belgilep, bunday eyforiyanı nevrologiyalıq disfunkciyaǵa baylanıstırǵan[10].

1903-jılı «The Boston Daily Globe» gazetasındaǵı maqalada eyforiya «jaǵımlı tolqınlanıw» hám «jeńillik hám aman-esenlik sezim» dep ataladı. 1920-jılı «Popular Science» jurnalı eyforiyanı «sergek seziniw» degendi bildiretuǵın «joqarı esitiletuǵın atama» dep táriyiplegen[11]. Robert S. Vudvorttıń 1921-jılǵı «Psixologiya: Psixikalıq ómirdi úyreniw» sabaqlıǵında eyforiya sharshawǵa qarama-qarsı bolǵan organikalıq jaǵday dep táriyiplengen hám «jaqsı seziniw menen birdey mánige iye»[12].

1940-jılı «The Journal of Psychology» eyforiyaǵa «ulıwma saw-salamatlıq jaǵdayı ... hám jaǵımlı keyiptegi sezim» dep anıqlama bergen[13]. On jıl ótkennen keyin, normal saw-salamatlıq sezimlerin bahalaw qıyın ekenin anıqlaǵan amerikalı ǵárezlilikti izertlewshi Xarris Isbell eyforiyanı morfinge tán minez-qulıq ózgerisleri hám obektiv belgiler dep qayta anıqlaǵan[14]. Biraq, 1957-jılı britaniyalı farmakolog D. A. Kaxal opioidlı eyforiyanı medicinalıq jaqtan jaǵımsız dep emes, al onı «tiykarǵı awırsınıwdı basatuǵın dáriniń qunlılıǵın arttıratuǵın» tásir dep esaplaǵan[15]. 1977-jılǵı «Psixiatriyanıń qısqasha enciklopediyası» basılımında eyforiya «qanaatlanıw hám aman-esenlik kewil-xosh» dep atalǵan, psixiatriyalıq kontekstte qollanılǵanda patologiyalıq associaciyalarǵa iye. Miy keselliginiń belgisi retinde ol tásirsiz hám kontekstten tıs dep táriyiplengen, unamsız emociyanı basınan keshiriw uqıpsızlıǵın kórsetetuǵın jaǵday retinde súwretlegen[16].

XXI ásirde eyforiya ádette úlken baxıt, aman-esenlik hám tolqınlanıw jaǵdayı dep anıqlanadı, bul normal bolıwı yamasa psixoaktiv preparatlar, maniakal jaǵdaylar yamasa miy keselligi yamasa jaraqatı menen baylanısqanda normadan tıs hám orınsız bolıwı múmkin.

Neyropsixologiya

Gedonikalıq noqatlar – (ishki yamasa sırtqı jaǵınan) lázzet sezimlerin payda etetuǵın, funkcionallıq jaǵınan óz-ara baylanısqan neyronlıq substratlar yamasa strukturalar bolıp tabıladı. Bir gedonikalıq ıssı noqattıń aktivlesiwi basqaların xoshametlewdi qamtıydı. Bir gedonikalıq noqattıń tejeliwi basqalardıń aktivlesiwin páseytedi[17][18]. Sonlıqtan, sıylıqlaw sisteması ishinde hárbir gedonikalıq noqattıń bir waqıtta aktivlesiwi eyforiya sezinimin payda etiw ushın zárúr bolıwı múmkin[19].

Derekler

  1. ↑ Bearn J, O'Brien M (2015). "Chapter Ten - "Addicted to Euphoria": The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse". In Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K (eds.). The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse. International Review of Neurobiology. Vol. 120. Academic Press. pp. 205–33. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005. ISBN 978-0-12-802978-7. PMID 26070759
  2. ↑ The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455.
  3. ↑ «Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases». Gateway Psychiatric Services. 2013-jıl 13-noyabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2014-jıl 17-fevral.
  4. ↑ Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds.
  5. ↑ The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures. July 2012. http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  6. ↑ Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms. March 2012.
  7. ↑ A Greek-English Lexicon. 
  8. ↑ «Online Etymology Dictionary». 2008-jıl 21-dekabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2008-jıl 11-may.
  9. ↑ The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. (en). London: Printed for J. Phillips, 1706 — EU bet. 
  10. ↑ The Medical Times & Gazette (en). London: John Churchill, 4 January 1862 — 1 bet. „Not unfrequently, indeed, the appearance of the patient is more diagnostic than his feelings. This is the case in some very grave diseases, in which that portion of the nervous system which subserves to the feeling of bodily well-being,—termed, in psychological phrase, euphoria—is morbidly modified as to function.“ 

     • The Medical Times & Gazette (en). London: John Churchill, 17 May 1864 — 500 bet. „The morbid hopefulness of phthisis, physiologically termed euphoria, is seen more particularly in this class of patients. I have often called attention to it at the bedside, and shown that it ushers in the last stage. It is really a disease of the nervous system of a low type, a sort of insanity, and is of the worst significance.“ 
  11. ↑ "Have You Euphoria?". Popular Science 97 (6): 79. December 1920. https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79. "It takes a doctor to give a high-sounding name to a well known phenomenon. "Euphoria" means "feeling fit." It is as much a physiological fact as scarlet fever.
    Úlgi:In5Nature makes it worth while to be alive simply through euphoria. The joy of making a good tennis stroke, the delight that a Woodsman gets in the open air, the artist's rhapsody—all are due to euphoria. Why do we drink alcohol—when we can get it or smoke tobacco? To affect euphoria. When a lunatic thinks that he is Napoleon and demands the homage due an emperor; he has euphoria in its worst form.
    Úlgi:In5Too little is known about euphoria. Since it can be affected by drugs and chemicals, who knows but it may have its seat in some gland?".    Open access icon
  12. ↑ Psychology, a study of mental life. „Something was said before about "organic states", under the general head of tendencies to reaction. Fatigue was an example. Now we could include fatigue under the term, "stirred-up state of the organism"; at least, if not precisely "stirred-up", it is uneasy. It is a deviation from the normal or neutral state. Also, it is often a conscious state, as when we speak of the "tired feeling"; not a purely cognitive state, either not simply a recognition of the fact that we are fatigued but a state of disinclination to work any longer. Though fatigue is thus so much like an emotion that it fits under our definition, it is not called an emotion, but a sensation or complex of sensations....
    Úlgi:In5Many other organic states are akin to emotion in the same way. The opposite of fatigue, the "warmed-up" condition, brought on by a certain amount of activity after rest, is a case in point. It is a deviation from the average or neutral condition, in the direction of greater readiness for activity. The warmed-up person feels ready for business, full of "ginger" or "pep" in short, full of life. The name "euphoria", which means about the same as "feeling good", is given to this condition. Drowsiness is another of these emotion-like states; but hunger and thirst are as typical examples as any.“      Open access icon
  13. ↑ The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep. 1940. pp. 393–401. "Euphoria is a term aptly denoting the state of general well being, and while it involves a relatively enduring and pleasantly toned feeling, its psychological significance derives primarily from its being a semi-emotional attitude of considerable determining power.".
  14. ↑ Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man. 1952. pp. 210–215. http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract. "[Footnote 3] Since matters of some interest hang upon the definition of 'euphoria', direct enquiry of Dr. Isbell brought the following comment (letter of November 1, 1951). 'I think it would be wise to exercise a certain degree of care in our use of the term "euphoria". We use it here in the sense of a train of effects similar to those seen after the administration of morphine. These effects include changes in behavior and objective signs, such as constriction of the pupil, depression of the respiratory rate and volume, drop in rectal temperature, etc. We do not use it in the sense of "feeling of well-being", as this is something that I have been utterly unable to evaluate.' The present authors prefer to limit the definition of euphoria to 'a sense of well-being'.".

     •  The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome. 1949. pp. 909–914. https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908.

     • Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. 
  15. ↑ Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers. 1957. pp. 97–99. "Not all of these effects can be regarded as undesirable. Drowsiness, euphoria, sleep, and 'detachment,' for instance, are effects which enhance the value of a major analgesic.".
  16. ↑ A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry (en). Springer Science & Business Media, 1977. „A mood of contentment and wellbeing. Euphoria in psychiatric terms always has a pathological connotation and is often an important early sign of organic cerebral disease. It differs from elation in subtle but important ways. It has no infectious quality and no element of gaiety, for its bland contentment is based on lack of awareness and inability to experience sadness or anxiety rather than on anything positive.
    Úlgi:In5It may be seen in any condition involving extensive cerebral damage, particularly if the frontal lobes are involved. It occurs sooner or later in senile and arteriosclerotic dementias (q.v.), in disseminated sclerosis and in Huntington's chorea (q.v.) and is often seen also after severe head injury and old-fashioned forms of leucotomy (q.v.). Euphoria is sometimes seen in Addison's disease (q.v.).“     
  17. ↑ "Pleasure systems in the brain". Neuron 86 (3): 646–664. May 2015. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018. PMC 4425246. PMID 25950633.
  18. ↑ "Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (43): E9125–E9134. 24 October 2017. doi:10.1073/pnas.1705753114. PMC 5664503. PMID 29073109.
  19. ↑ "The Joyful Mind". Scientific American 307 (2): 44–45. 2012. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40. PMID 22844850. https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20&%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf.
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