Járdem:IPA/Arabsha
Úlgi:IPA key The chart below explains how Wikipedia represents Modern Standard Arab tili pronunciations with the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Wikipedia also has specific charts for Egyptian Arab tili, Hejazi Arab tili, Lebanese Arab tili, and Tunisian Arab tili. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Úlgi:Section link.
See Arab tili phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Modern Standard Arab tili, and varieties of Arab tili for regional variation.
| IPA | English approximation |
Arab tili letter/symbol |
Usual romanization |
Letter
name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A–B | ||||
| a[lower-alpha 1] | cat in British English, only approx. in American English, could also be realised as [æ] | َ | a, á, e | فَتْحَة (fatḥah) |
| aː[lower-alpha 2] | not exact, longer far, could also be realised as [æː] | ـَا (ى at word end) |
ā, â, aa, a | أَلِف (ʾalif)
الف مقصورة (ʾalif maqṣūrah) |
| aj[lower-alpha 3] | /a/+/j/, my or night | ْـَي | ay, ai, ey, ei | يَاء (yāʾ) |
| aw[lower-alpha 4] | /a/+/w/, noun | ْـَو | aw, au | وَاو (wāw) |
| b | bee | ب | b | بَاء (bāʾ) |
| D | ||||
| d | dash | د | d | دَال (dāl) |
| dˤ[lower-alpha 5] | emphatic and pharyngealized /d/, no equivalent, can be approximated to RP dawn | ض | ḍ, dh | ضَاد (ḍād) |
| dʒ | jam | ج[lower-alpha 6] | j, ǧ, dj, g | جِيم (jīm) |
| ð | these | ذ | dh, ḏ | ذَال (dhāl) |
| ðˤ[lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 7] | emphatic and pharyngealized Úlgi:IPAblink | ظ | ẓ | ظَاء (ẓāʾ) |
| F–H | ||||
| f | father | ف | f | فَاء (fāʾ) |
| h | hi | ه | h | هَاء (hāʾ) |
| ħ | hello, but pronounced in the back of your throat | ح | ḥ | حَاء (ḥāʾ) |
| I–K | ||||
| i[lower-alpha 8] | happy | ِ | i, e | كَسْرَة (kasrah) |
| iː[lower-alpha 9] | machine | ـِي | ī, ee, i | يَاء (yāʾ) |
| j | yes | ي | y | يَاء (yāʾ) |
| k[1] | scape | ك | k | كَاف (kāf) |
| L–S | ||||
| l | lease (Received Pronunciation) | ل | l | لَام (lām) |
| ɫ[lower-alpha 10] | tool | |||
| m | me | م | m | مِيم (mīm) |
| n | no | ن | n | نُون (nūn) |
| q | like skit, but further down to the uvula (uvular). | ق | q, g, ' | قَاف (qāf) |
| r | "tapped" or "trilled" r; Spanish perro |
ر | r | رَاء (rāʾ) |
| s | snake | س | s | سِين (sīn) |
| sˤ[lower-alpha 5] | close to saw, emphatic and pharyngealized /s/ | ص | ṣ | صَاد (ṣād) |
| ʃ | sheep | ش | sh, š, ch | شِين (shīn) |
| T–W | ||||
| t[1] | stop | ت (sometimes ة) |
t | تَاء (tāʾ)
تاء مربوطة (tāʾ marbūṭah) |
| tˤ[lower-alpha 5] | emphatic and pharyngealized /t/, no equivalent | ط | ṭ | طَاء (ṭāʾ) |
| θ | think | ث | th, ṯ | ثَاء (thāʾ) |
| u[lower-alpha 11] | fruition | ُ | u, o, ou | ضَمَّة (ḍammah) |
| uː[lower-alpha 12] | cool | ـُو | ū, oo, ou, u | وَاو (wāw) |
| w | we | و | w | وَاو (wāw) |
| X–Z | ||||
| x ~ χ | Scottish loch | خ | kh, ḫ, ḵ | خَاء (khāʾ) |
| ɣ ~ ʁ | like gallon, but with a guttural sound further down to the uvula (uvular). Alternatively like French paris | غ | gh, ġ, ḡ | غَيْن (ghayn) |
| z | zoo | ز | z | زَاي (zāy) |
| Other | ||||
| ʔ | The pause in uh-oh!;
The 'tt' in kitten in Standard American English; |
ء | ʾ ’ ' | هَمْزة (hamzah) |
| ʕ | no equivalent in English (voiced pharyngeal fricative or voiced creaky-voiced pharyngeal approximant) |
ع | ʿ ‘ ' ` | عَيْن (ʿayn) |
| θ | see under T—W | |||
| ˈ | [ˈkiːwi] كِيوِي ('kiwi') | Means that the following syllable is stressed: /ˈʕarabiː/ عربي ('Arab'). | ||
| ː | [kiːs] كِيس ('sack') | Means that the preceding vowel is long | ||
| [ˈdˤɑħ.ħæ] ضَحّى ('[he] sacrificed'), [mʊˈdær.rɪsæ] مُدَرِّسَة ('teacher [f.]'), [ræs.ˈsæːmæ] رَسَّامَة ('paintress'), [kæð.ˈðæːb] كَذَّاب ('liar [m.]') |
A geminated consonant never belongs to one syllable and is often broken with a stress. | |||
See also
[redaktorlaw | derekti redaktorlaw]Notes
[redaktorlaw | derekti redaktorlaw]- ↑ Allophones of /a/ include Úlgi:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink; and Úlgi:IPAblink elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008, s. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, s. 52–53; Kaye 1997, s. 193, 197).
- ↑ Allophones of /aː/ include Úlgi:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink; and Úlgi:IPAblink elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008, s. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, s. 52–53; Kaye 1997, s. 193, 197).
- ↑ In colloquial pronunciation, /aj/ may be realized as Úlgi:IPAblink~Úlgi:IPAblink~[ej] (Al-Ani 2008, s. 595; Kaye 1997, s. 198).
- ↑ In colloquial pronunciation, /aw/ may be realized as Úlgi:IPAblink~Úlgi:IPAblink~[ow] may occur (Al-Ani 2008, s. 595; Kaye 1997, s. 198).
- 1 2 3 4 Emphatic consonants may be either pharyngealized or velarized and are accompanied with labialization (Al-Ani 2008, s. 599; Kaye 1997, s. 193–194).
- ↑ The letter ج represents Úlgi:IPAblink in Egypt and Úlgi:IPAblink in the Levant and the Maghreb (Al-Ani 2008, s. 598; Gairdner 1925, s. 23).
- ↑ The letter ظ represents either Úlgi:IPAblink or Úlgi:IPAblink, depending on the speaker's dialect Úlgi:Harv.
- ↑ Allophones of /i/ include Úlgi:IPAblink~Úlgi:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink (Al-Ani 2008, s. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, s. 52–53; Kaye 1997, s. 193, 197); they are distinct phonemes in loan words. /ɪ/ completely becomes /e/ in some other particular dialects.
- ↑ Allophones of /iː/ include Úlgi:IPAblink~Úlgi:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink (Al-Ani 2008, s. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, s. 52–53; Kaye 1997, s. 193, 197).
- ↑ [ɫ] occurs only in the word Allah: [ɑɫˈɫɑh] (Al-Ani 2008, s. 600; Kaye 1997, s. 196; Kaye 2009, s. 564).
- ↑ Allophones of /u/ include Úlgi:IPAblink~Úlgi:IPAblink~Úlgi:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink (Al-Ani 2008, s. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, s. 52–53; Kaye 1997, s. 193, 197); they are distinct phonemes in loan words. /u/ completely becomes /o/ in some other particular dialects.
- ↑ Allophones of /uː/ include Úlgi:IPAblink~Úlgi:IPAblink~Úlgi:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink, Úlgi:IPAblink (Al-Ani 2008, s. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, s. 52–53; Kaye 1997, s. 193, 197).
References
[redaktorlaw | derekti redaktorlaw]- Al-Ani, Salman H. „Phonetics“,. Encyclopedia of Arab tili Language and Linguistics. Brill, 2008 — 593–603 bet. ISBN 978-90-04-14973-1.
- Gairdner, W. H. T.. tili-W.H.T.Gairdner The Phonetics of Arab tili. Oxford University Press, 1925.
- Kaye, Alan S. „Arab tili Phonology“,. Phonologies of Asia and Africa, 1997 — 187–204 bet.
- Kaye, Alan S. „Arab tili“,. The World's Major Languages, 2nd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, 2009 — 560–577 bet. ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Mitchell, T. F.. Pronouncing Arab tili. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. ISBN 0-19-815151-9.
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'adeddin, M. Akram „Arab tili“,. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press, 1999 — 51–54 bet.