Perishte

Islamda perishteler (arabsha: ملاك٬ ملك‎, romanized: malāk; kóplik forması: ملائِكة‎, malāʾik/malāʾikah yamasa forscha: فرشته, romanized: ferešte) aspan janzatları bolıp, olar Allah tárepinen nurdan jaratılǵan dep iseniledi^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]. Islamdaǵı perishteler haqqındaǵı túsinik, tiykarınan, Quranǵa súyense de^[5], perishtelerdiń jáne de keńirek táriypi hádis ádebiyatında, Miraj haqqındaǵı shıǵarmalarda, tafsirde, iláhiyatta, filosofiyada hám sufizmde ushırasadı^[3]^[4]^[6].

Perishtelerge iseniw islamdaǵı tiykarǵı dogmalardan biri, sebebi ol iymanniń altı shártinen biri sanaladı^[7]^[8]. Perishteler Islamda yahudiy-xristian dástúrlerine qaraǵanda kóbirek áhmiyetke iye^[9]. Perishteler basqa kórinbes maqluqlardan paziyletli jaratılıwı menen parıqlanadı; bul tárepi olardı jawız shaytanlar (arabsha: شَيَاطِين, romanized: šayāṭīn yamasa forscha: دیو, romanized: dīv) hám abstrakt maqluqlar yaǵniy jinlerden (arabsha: جِنّ yamasa forscha: پَری, romanized: parī) ajıratıp turadı^[3]^[10]^[11]^[12]. Perishteler paziyletli janzatlar dep esaplansa da, olar hárdayım da jaqsı xabar alıp keliwshi emes; islam dástúrine muwapıq, perishteler awır hám hátte jawız waziypalardı da atqarıwı múmkin^[13]. Perishteler aspan janzatları sıpatında sáwlelendiriledi. Sol sebepli, olar qushtarlıq hám fizikalıq nápsixanlıqtan jıraq dep qaraladı. Soǵan qaramastan, perishteler qátelesiwi múmkinligi yamasa múmkin emesligi Islamda tartıslı másele. Mútaziliyler hám kóplegen salafiylerdiń pikirinshe, perishteler hámme waqıtta boysınıwshań bolıp, hesh qashan waziypaların orınlamastan qoymaytuǵınlıǵına isenedi. Buǵan qarama-qarsı ráwishte, teologiya mektepleri (Kalām), kóbinese, perishtelerdiń qátelesetuǵınlıǵın qabıl etedi. Ash'ariyler perishteler erkin erkke iye emesligin moyınlasa da, olar báribir qáte islep, nátiyjede qulawı múmkin, dep esaplaydı. Maturidler bolsa, aspan janzatları sınaqtan ótkeriledi, perishteler bul sınaqtan óte almasa, waziypalarınan shetletiledi, dep atap ótedi.

Islam filosofiyası hám sufizmde perishteler aqıl (aql) tábiyatı menen baylanıslı. Sufiy kosmologiyasına muwapıq, olar aqıldıń joqarı tarawların materiallıq dúnya menen baylanıstırıp turadı. Solay etip, insan oy-pikiri nurǵa (nūr) teńelgen aspan janzatları arqalı malakūt (aspan álemi) penen baylanısqa kirisedi. Al, shaytanlar, insan sanasın dozaq otı (nār) menen baylanıslı bolǵan tómen dúnyalarǵa burıp, bul baylanıstı buzıwǵa háreket etedi.

Etimologiyası

Qurandaǵı perishte sózi (arabsha: ملك, romanized: malak) eki derekten kelip shıqqan dep esaplanadı: birinshisi, ol Malaka sózinen alınǵan bolıp, perishtelerdiń ózlerine tapsırılǵan túrli islerdi basqarıw qábiletine bola «ol húkimdarlıq etken» degen mánisti bildiredi^[14], yamasa úsh háripli túbir sóz '-l-k, l-'-k yaki m-l-k dan kelip shiqqan bolıp, keń mániste tap ivritshedegi ekvivalenti (malʾákh) sıyaqlı «elshi» degen maǵananı ańlatadı. Biraq, ivrit tilindegi sózden parıqlı túrde, Qurandaǵı málek ataması insan elshileri ushın emes, al, tek ilahiy dúnyanıń aspanlıq ruwxları ushın qollanıladı. Quran perishteshi hám insan elshilerin birdey túrde rasul dep ataydı^[15].

Islamǵa shekemgi arab mádeniyatında bul atama Tamudlar tárepinen ibadatqa ılayıq zatlarǵa da qollanılǵan^[16].

Quran hám táfsir

Quran perishtelerdi burınǵı Jaqın Shıǵıs mádeniy dástúrleri, sonnan monoteistlik hám politeistlik isenim sistemaları kontekstinde súwretleydi^[17]. Perishtelerge iseniw móminlerge buyırılǵan^[18]^[19]. Fatir (35-súre), ayırım qoljazbalarda, olardıń atı menen atalǵan (al-malā’ikah)^[18]. Bir neshe ayırmashılıqlardı esapqa almaǵanda, Qurandaǵı perishteler tiykarınan jeke bolmaǵan obraz sıpatında súwretlenedi^[20]. Olar ápsana hám miflerde, aqıret súwretlewlerinde (jánnet/dozaq), sonday-aq, boljaw hám ibadat temalarında ushırasadı^[20].

Derekler

↑ McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed (2006). "Angel". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. I. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00010. ISBN 90-04-14743-8.
↑ MacDonald, D.B. and Madelung, W., "Malāʾika", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Online, retrieved 4 January 2024 Erste Online-Publikation: 2012 Erste Druckedition: ISBN 9789004161214, 1960-2007
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis et al., eds (2009). "Angels". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. 3. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204. ISBN 978-90-04-18130-4. ISSN 1873-9830.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 Beentjes, Pancratius C.; Liesen, Jan, eds (2007). "Nothing can be Known or Done without the Involvement of Angels: Angels and Angelology in Islam and Islamic Literature". Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook (Berlin: De Gruyter) 2007 (2007): 645–662. doi:10.1515/9783110192957.6.645. ISSN 1614-337X.
↑ „Part 1: Angels, Islam, and al-Suyūṭī's Al-Ḥabāʾik fī akhbār al-malāʾik – Angels in Classical Islam and contemporary scholarship“,Angels in Islam: Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī's Al-Ḥabāʾik fī akhbār al-malāʾik, 1st, London and New York: Routledge, 2015 — 3–15 bet. DOI:10.4324/9780203144978. ISBN 978-0-203-14497-8. OCLC 933442177.
↑ Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0 p. 22-23
↑ „The Belief in Angel“,شرح اصل الايمان/Explaining the foundations of faith. Cooperative Office for Call & Islamic Guidance at Unaizah; King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data; Riyadh, 1998 — 49–54 bet. ISBN 9960-783-17-0.
↑ «BBC – Religions – Islam: Basic articles of faith». 13-avgust 2018-jılda túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 13-avgust 2018-jıl.
↑ Kiel, Micah D. (2009). "Review of Angels: The Concept of Celestial Beings—Origins, Development and Reception (Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook 2007)". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 71 (1): 215–218. ISSN 0008-7912. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43726529.
↑ (Mahmoud Omidsalar) Originally Published: December 15, 2000 Last Updated: February 7, 2012 This article is available in print. Vol. X, Fasc. 4, pp. 418-422
↑ el-Zein, Amira „Correspondences Between Jinn and Humans“,. Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn, Contemporary Issues in the Middle East. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2009 — 20 bet. ISBN 978-0-8156-5070-6. OCLC 785782984.
↑ Reynolds, Gabriel Said, "Angels", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart. Consulted online on 02 January 2024 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204> First published online: 2009 First print edition: 9789004181304, 2009, 2009-3
↑ Yazaki, Saeko. "Classes of Beings in Sufism." Sufi Cosmology. Brill, 2022. 68-88.
↑ Ali, Syed Anwer. [1984] 2010. Qurʼan, the Fundamental Law of Human Life: Surat ul-Faateha to Surat-ul-Baqarah (sections 1–21). Syed Publications. p. 121.
↑ Burge, Stephan R. (2011). "The Angels in Sūrat al-Malāʾika: Exegeses of Q. 35:1". Journal of Qur'anic Studies 10 (1): 50–70. doi:10.3366/E1465359109000230.
↑ Al-Azmeh, Aziz. The emergence of Islam in late antiquity: Allah and his people. Cambridge University Press, 2014. p: 294
↑ Kuehn, Sara, Stefan Leder, and Hans-Peter Pökel. "Introduction: Angels and Their Religious and Cosmological Contexts." The Intermediate Worlds of Angels. Ergon-Verlag, 2019. p. 18-19
↑ ^18,0 ^18,1 Reynolds, G. S. (2009)- Angels, In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopedia of Islam Three Online. Brill
↑ Piras A. (2016) Angel. In Vocabulary for the stury of religion Brill
↑ ^20,0 ^20,1 Stephen Burge. 2024. 'Angels (malāʾika)', St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology. Edited by Brendan N. Wolfe et al. https://www.saet.ac.uk/Islam/Angels Accessed: 4 November 2024 p. 4

[1] McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed (2006). "Angel". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. I. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00010. ISBN 90-04-14743-8.

[2] MacDonald, D.B. and Madelung, W., "Malāʾika", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Online, retrieved 4 January 2024 Erste Online-Publikation: 2012 Erste Druckedition: ISBN 9789004161214, 1960-2007

[Reynolds_2009-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis et al., eds (2009). "Angels". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. 3. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204. ISBN 978-90-04-18130-4. ISSN 1873-9830.

[Kassim_2007-4] 4,0 ^4,1 Beentjes, Pancratius C.; Liesen, Jan, eds (2007). "Nothing can be Known or Done without the Involvement of Angels: Angels and Angelology in Islam and Islamic Literature". Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook (Berlin: De Gruyter) 2007 (2007): 645–662. doi:10.1515/9783110192957.6.645. ISSN 1614-337X.

[burge_angels1-5] „Part 1: Angels, Islam, and al-Suyūṭī's Al-Ḥabāʾik fī akhbār al-malāʾik – Angels in Classical Islam and contemporary scholarship“,Angels in Islam: Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī's Al-Ḥabāʾik fī akhbār al-malāʾik, 1st, London and New York: Routledge, 2015 — 3–15 bet. DOI:10.4324/9780203144978. ISBN 978-0-203-14497-8. OCLC 933442177.

[6] Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0 p. 22-23

[Uthaymeen;_Syarh_Usl_Iman-7] „The Belief in Angel“,شرح اصل الايمان/Explaining the foundations of faith. Cooperative Office for Call & Islamic Guidance at Unaizah; King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data; Riyadh, 1998 — 49–54 bet. ISBN 9960-783-17-0.

[8] «BBC – Religions – Islam: Basic articles of faith». 13-avgust 2018-jılda túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 13-avgust 2018-jıl.

[9] Kiel, Micah D. (2009). "Review of Angels: The Concept of Celestial Beings—Origins, Development and Reception (Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook 2007)". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 71 (1): 215–218. ISSN 0008-7912. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43726529.

[10] (Mahmoud Omidsalar) Originally Published: December 15, 2000 Last Updated: February 7, 2012 This article is available in print. Vol. X, Fasc. 4, pp. 418-422

[11] -Zein, Amira „Correspondences Between Jinn and Humans“,. Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn, Contemporary Issues in the Middle East. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2009 — 20 bet. ISBN 978-0-8156-5070-6. OCLC 785782984.

[12] Reynolds, Gabriel Said, "Angels", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart. Consulted online on 02 January 2024 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204> First published online: 2009 First print edition: 9789004181304, 2009, 2009-3

[13] Yazaki, Saeko. "Classes of Beings in Sufism." Sufi Cosmology. Brill, 2022. 68-88.

[14] Ali, Syed Anwer. [1984] 2010. Qurʼan, the Fundamental Law of Human Life: Surat ul-Faateha to Surat-ul-Baqarah (sections 1–21). Syed Publications. p. 121.

[15] Burge, Stephan R. (2011). "The Angels in Sūrat al-Malāʾika: Exegeses of Q. 35:1". Journal of Qur'anic Studies 10 (1): 50–70. doi:10.3366/E1465359109000230.

[16] Al-Azmeh, Aziz. The emergence of Islam in late antiquity: Allah and his people. Cambridge University Press, 2014. p: 294

[17] Kuehn, Sara, Stefan Leder, and Hans-Peter Pökel. "Introduction: Angels and Their Religious and Cosmological Contexts." The Intermediate Worlds of Angels. Ergon-Verlag, 2019. p. 18-19

[Reynolds,_G._S._2009-18] 18,0 ^18,1 Reynolds, G. S. (2009)- Angels, In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopedia of Islam Three Online. Brill

[19] Piras A. (2016) Angel. In Vocabulary for the stury of religion Brill

[saet.ac.uk-20] 20,0 ^20,1 Stephen Burge. 2024. 'Angels (malāʾika)', St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology. Edited by Brendan N. Wolfe et al. https://www.saet.ac.uk/Islam/Angels Accessed: 4 November 2024 p. 4

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