Sháriyat

Sháriyat (Tıńlań^ⓘ)^{[lower-alpha 1]} - bul Islamiy muqaddes tekstler, tiykarınan, Quran hám hádislerge tiykarlanǵan Islam dininiń nızamlar toplamı bolıp esaplanadı^[1]^[2]^[3]. Islam terminologiyasında sháriyat ózgermes hám abstrakt iláhiy nızamdı ańlatıp, fiqhtan parıq qıladı; fiqh - bul islam ulamaları tárepinen mazhab arqalı talqılanǵan hám islamiy sudta (arab: محكمة, latınsha: maḥkamat) qollanılǵan nızam^[4]^[5]^[6]. Islam tariyxında sháriyat, bárqulla, dástúriy nızamlar menen birge qollanılǵan^[7]^[8]. Ásirler dawamında tájiriybeli faqihlar (mufti) tárepinen berilgen huqıqıy sheshimler (pátwalar) arqalı sháriyattı tolıq islep shıǵıw hám rawajlandırıw ámelge asırılǵan; bul hár qıylı mekteplerdiń kózqaraslarına tásir kórsetken. Sháriyat ekonomikalıq, jınayıy hám hákimshilik nızamlar menen úylestirilgen hám musılman húkimdarlar tárepinen shıǵarılıp otırılǵan, sonıń menen birge, olar ásirler dawamında musılman aymaqlarındaǵı sudlar tárepinen ámelde qollanılǵan. Al zamanagóy dáwirge kelip, islam jámiyetlerinde áste-aqırınlıq penen sekulyarizm qabıl etile baslaǵan^[4]^[6].

Dástúriy islam huqıqtanıw teoriyası sháriyat ushın tórt derekti tán aladı: Quran; súnnet (yamasa isenimli hádisler); ijma (sózbe-sóz: «konsensus»), bul pútkil islam jámááti razılıǵı ijma al-ummah (arab: إجماع الأمة) yamasa diniy wákiller razılıǵı ijma al-aimmah (إجماع الائـمـة) sıpatında túsiniliwi múmkin^[9]; hám analogikalıq pikirlew (qıyas)^{[note 1]}^[12]. Ol eki tiykarǵı nızam tarawın ajıratadı: ibadat (Ibada) hám sociallıq qatnasıqlar (Muamalat); ishki bólimlerine shańaraq huqıqı, qatnasıqlar (máselen, kommerciyalıq hám siyasiy/hákimshilik), hám jınayat huqıqı kiredi^[4]^[6], háreketlerdi bolsa hár qıylı túsinikler boyınsha kategoriyalarǵa (ahkamlarǵa) ajıratadı: májbúriy (fard), usınıs etilgen (mustahab), neytral (mubah), jek kórilgen (makruh) hám qadaǵan etilgen (haram)^[4]^[5]^[6]. Huqıqıy normalardan tısqarı, sháriyat búgingi kúnde jeke ámeliyat esaplanǵan kóplegen tarawlarǵa da tiyisli, máselen, isenimler, ibadat, ádep-ikramlılıq^[13]^[14], kiyim-kenshek (hijab), turmıs tárizi hám de basshılarǵa olardı tártipke salıw hám qadaǵalaw wazıypasın beredi.

Waqıttıń ótiwi menen, izertlewlerge tiykarlanǵan jámiyetlik ózgerisler arqalı alınǵan túsinik penen, belgili jámiyetler hám húkimetlerdiń, sonday-aq islam ulamaları yamasa imamlardıń nızamlar hám qaǵıydalardı teoriyalıq hám ámeliy qollanıwdaǵı abzallıqların sáwlelendiriwshi huqıq mektepleri payda boldı. Sunniy islamnıń huqıq mektepleri — Hanafiy, Malikiy, Shafiiy hám Hanbaliy hám basqalar — húkim shıǵarıwlardı muqaddes dereklerden alıw metodologiyaların islep shıqtı, bul process ijtihad dep atalıp^[4]^[5], bul túsinik keyin ala Shia tárepinen qabıl etilip, aqılıy miynet mánisin ańlatar edi^[15]. Sháriyat zamanagóy islamiy túsinikte basqa tárepleri menen birge usınılǵan bolsa da^[16], ayırım izertlewshiler dástúriy siyrat ráwiyatlarına gúman menen qaraydı, islamnıń dáslepki tariyxın Sháriyat húkim súrgen dáwir sıpatında emes, al «sekulyar arab keńeyiwi» sıpatında kórip, islamlıq identifikaciyanıń qáliplesiwin ádewir keyingi dáwirge esaplaydı^[17]^[18].

Derekler

↑ „The Sharīa, Sunni Islamic Law (Fiqh), and Legal Methods (Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh)“,The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014 — 18–87 bet. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139629249.003. ISBN 9781139629249.
↑ «British & World English: sharia». Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2015-jıl 8-dekabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2015-jıl 4-dekabr.
↑ Dahlén 2003, chpt. 2a.
1 2 3 4 5 John L. Esposito, ed (2014). "Islamic Law". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107. <!--->
1 2 3 Vikør 2014.
1 2 3 4 Calder 2009.
↑ "Customary law has also been an important part of Islamic law. It was used to resolve disputes that were not covered by sharia, and it also helped to adapt sharia to the needs of men in different societies and cultures." Islamic Law: An Introduction by John Esposito (2019) Esposito, John. Islamic Law: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. Page 31
↑ "Another key principle that the early Islamic jurists developed was the concept of urf, or customary law. Urf is the customary practices of a particular community. The early jurists recognized that urf could be used to supplement or complement Islamic law. For example, if there was no clear ruling on a particular issue in the Quran or hadith, the jurists could look to urf for guidance." The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law; Emon, Anver M., and Rumee Ahmed, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. p. 25.
↑ Corinna Standke. Sharia – The Islamic Law. GRIN Verlag, 30 August 2008 — 4–5 bet. ISBN 978-3-640-14967-4.
↑ Dahlén 2003, chpt. 4c.
↑ Schneider 2014.
↑ John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001), Women in Muslim family law 19 Oktyabr 2017^{[Sáne tuwrı kelmeydi]} sánesinde Wayback Machine saytında arxivlendi., p. 2. Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629085. Quote: "... by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma (consensus)."
↑ Coulson & El Shamsy 2019.
↑ Hallaq 2010, s. 145.
↑ Mohammad Farzaneh, Mateo. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2015 — 6 bet. ISBN 978-0-8156-3388-4.
↑ «The System of Rule in Islam» (2010-jıl 20-iyun). 2023-jıl 8-noyabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2023-jıl 8-noyabr.
↑ Robert G. Hoyland: In God's Path. The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire (2015)
↑ Patricia Crone / Martin Hinds: God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (1986)

Esletpeler

↑ /ʃəˈriːə/; arab: شَرِيعَة, latınsha: sharīʿah, awdarması: 'path [to water]', IPA: [ʃaˈriːʕa]); jáne de latınsha: Sharī'ah, Shari'a yamasa Shariah

Silteme kórsetiwdegi qátelik: «lower-alpha» dep atalǵan derekler toparında <ref> tegleri bar, biraq tiyisli <references group=«lower-alpha»/> tegi tabılmadı yamasa </ref> jabıw tegi talap etiledi

↑ Twelver Shia jurisprudence does not recognize the use of qiyas, but relies on reason (ʿaql) in their place.^[10]^[11]

Silteme kórsetiwdegi qátelik: «note» dep atalǵan derekler toparında <ref> tegleri bar, biraq tiyisli <references group=«note»/> tegi tabılmadı yamasa </ref> jabıw tegi talap etiledi

[Bassiouni-2] „The Sharīa, Sunni Islamic Law (Fiqh), and Legal Methods (Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh)“,The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014 — 18–87 bet. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139629249.003. ISBN 9781139629249.

[oxforddic-3] «British & World English: sharia». Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2015-jıl 8-dekabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2015-jıl 4-dekabr.

[FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._2a-4] Dahlén 2003, chpt. 2a.

[ODI-5] 1 2 3 4 5 John L. Esposito, ed (2014). "Islamic Law". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107. <!--->

[FOOTNOTEVikør2014-6] 1 2 3 Vikør 2014.

[FOOTNOTECalder2009-7] 1 2 3 4 Calder 2009.

[8] "Customary law has also been an important part of Islamic law. It was used to resolve disputes that were not covered by sharia, and it also helped to adapt sharia to the needs of men in different societies and cultures." Islamic Law: An Introduction by John Esposito (2019) Esposito, John. Islamic Law: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. Page 31

[9] "Another key principle that the early Islamic jurists developed was the concept of urf, or customary law. Urf is the customary practices of a particular community. The early jurists recognized that urf could be used to supplement or complement Islamic law. For example, if there was no clear ruling on a particular issue in the Quran or hadith, the jurists could look to urf for guidance." The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law; Emon, Anver M., and Rumee Ahmed, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. p. 25.

[Standke2008-10] Corinna Standke. Sharia – The Islamic Law. GRIN Verlag, 30 August 2008 — 4–5 bet. ISBN 978-3-640-14967-4.

[FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c-11] Dahlén 2003, chpt. 4c.

[FOOTNOTESchneider2014-12] Schneider 2014.

[Esposito,_John_2001-14] John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001), Women in Muslim family law 19 Oktyabr 2017^{[Sáne tuwrı kelmeydi]} sánesinde Wayback Machine saytında arxivlendi., p. 2. Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629085. Quote: "... by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma (consensus)."

[FOOTNOTECoulsonEl_Shamsy2019-15] Coulson & El Shamsy 2019.

[FOOTNOTEHallaq2010145-16] Hallaq 2010, s. 145.

[Mohammad_Farzaneh_2015_6-17] Mohammad Farzaneh, Mateo. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2015 — 6 bet. ISBN 978-0-8156-3388-4.

[18] «The System of Rule in Islam» (2010-jıl 20-iyun). 2023-jıl 8-noyabr sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2023-jıl 8-noyabr.

[19] Robert G. Hoyland: In God's Path. The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire (2015)

[20] Patricia Crone / Martin Hinds: God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (1986)

[1] /ʃəˈriːə/; arab: شَرِيعَة, latınsha: sharīʿah, awdarması: 'path [to water]', IPA: [ʃaˈriːʕa]); jáne de latınsha: Sharī'ah, Shari'a yamasa Shariah

[13] Twelver Shia jurisprudence does not recognize the use of qiyas, but relies on reason (ʿaql) in their place.^[10]^[11]

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