Universitet
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Universitet (latınsha universitas — «bir pútin») — bir neshe pánler boyınsha ilimiy dárejeler beriwshi joqarı bilimlendiriw hám ilimiy-izertlew mákemesi[1]. Universitet latınsha «universitas magistrorum et scholarium» sózinen alınǵan bolıp, shama menen «muǵallimler hám alımlar jámááti» degen mánisti bildiredi[2]. Joqarı oqıw orınlarında, ádette, hám bakalavriat, hám aspirantura baǵdarları usınıs etiledi.
Evropadaǵı dáslepki universitetler ruwxanıylardı oqıtıw maqsetinde shirkew tárepinen saqlanǵan mekteplerden payda bolǵan[3][4][5][6][7]. 1088-jılı shólkemlestirilgen Italiyanıń Boloniya universiteti (Università di Bologna) tómendegi mánistegi birinshi universitet esaplanadı:
- Joqarı dárejeli institut bolıwı;
- «universitas» sózi járdeminde (bul sóz onıń tiykarında payda bolǵan);
- shirkew mekteplerinen ǵárezsizlikke iye bolıwı hám dúnyalıq, sonday-aq, dúnyalıq emes dárejeler beriwi (oqıtıwdı ruxanıylar hám ruwxanıy emesler alıp barıwı menen): grammatika, ritorika, logika, teologiya, kanon huqıqı hám notarial huqıq[8][9][10][11][12].
Derekler
[redaktorlaw | derekti redaktorlaw]- ↑ «3.1». WordNet Search. Qaraldı: 2023-jıl 30-avgust.
- ↑
"Universities" Encyclopædia Britannica (11shı ed.) 1911 - ↑ Den Heijer, Alexandra. Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions. Academische Uitgeverij Eburon, 2011. ISBN 9789059724877. „Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.“
- ↑ A. Lamport, Mark. Encyclopedia of Christian Education. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015 — 484 bet. ISBN 9780810884939. „All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.“
- ↑ B M. Leonard, Thomas. Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge, 2013 — 1369 bet. ISBN 9781135205157. „Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.“
- ↑ Gavroglu, Kostas. Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Academic Landscapes. Springer, 2015 — 302 bet. ISBN 9789401796361.
- ↑ GA. Dawson, Patricia. First Peoples of the Americas and the European Age of Exploration. Cavendish Square Publishing, 2015 — 103 bet. ISBN 9781502606853.
- ↑ «The University from the 12th to the 20th century - University of Bologna». www.unibo.it. 2021-jıl 5-aprel sánesinde túp nusqadan arxivlendi. Qaraldı: 2021-jıl 23-mart.
- ↑ Top Universities 17 Yanvar 2009[Sáne tuwrı kelmeydi] sánesinde Wayback Machine saytında arxivlendi. World University Rankings Retrieved 6 January 2010
- ↑ Paul L. Gaston. The Challenge of Bologna. Stylus, 2010 — 18 bet. ISBN 978-1-57922-366-3.
- ↑ Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, ISBN 0-7864-3462-7, p. 55f.
- ↑ de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages 13 Dekabr 2021[Sáne tuwrı kelmeydi] sánesinde Wayback Machine saytında arxivlendi., Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 47–55
